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How much of Wicca can be traced to the Celts?
Wicca is a religion based, in part, on ancient, northern European Pagan
beliefs in a fertility Goddess and her consort, a horned God. Although the
religion is a modern creation, some of its sources pre-date the Christian
era by many centuries. Most Wiccans do not believe that their religion is
a direct, continuous descendent of this earlier religion. They see it as a
modern reconstruction.
Joanna Hautin-Mayer has written:
"We know tragically little about the actual religious expressions of the
ancient Celts. We have a few myths and legends, but very little
archeological evidence to support our theories. We have no written
records of their actual forms of worship, and the accounts of their
culture and beliefs written by their contemporaries are often highly
biased and of questionable historical worth." 1
Ms. Hautin-Mayer is particularly critical of recent Neopagan books which
she demonstrates to be largely fictional accounts of the history of Witta
3 (presented as an Irish Pagan tradition), Faery Wicca 4 (presented as
an ancient tradition), and 21 Lessons of Merlyn 5 (a somewhat racist and
sexist account of Druidism).
Silver RavenWolf wrote in 1998:
"Wicca, as you practice the religion today, is a new religion, barely
fifty years old. The techniques you use at present are not entirely what
your elders practiced even thirty years ago. Of course, threads of 'what
was' weave through the tapestry of 'what is now.' ...in no way can we
replicate to perfection the precise circumstances of environment,
society, culture, religion and magick a hundred years ago, or a
thousand. Why would we want to ? The idea is to go forward with the
knowledge of the past, tempered by the tools of our own age." 2
Writings that formed the basis of Wicca:
Much of modern-day Wicca can be directly traced back to the writings of:
Charles Leland (1824-1903) published a book in 1899: Aradia: Gospel
of the Witches. 8 Leland was the founder of the Gypsy Lore Society,
culture, religion and magick a hundred years ago, or a
thousand. Why would we want to ? The idea is to go forward with the
knowledge of the past, tempered by the tools of our own age." 2
Writings that formed the basis of Wicca:
Much of modern-day Wicca can be directly traced back to the writings of:
Charles Leland (1824-1903) published a book in 1899: Aradia: Gospel
of the Witches. 8 Leland was the founder of the Gypsy Lore Society,
editor of the Philadelphia Bulletin, and a prolific author and
folklorist. Aradia deals mainly with the Goddess Diana. It is
presented as an ancient document which recorded the doctrines of La
Vecchia Religione (The Old Religion) -- Italian witchcraft. Leland
claims to have received the information from an Italian strega
(sorceress) named Maddalena. How much of this is a valid account of
La Vecchia Religione is anyone's guess. However, the book played a
significant role in the later development of modern-day Neopaganism.
Margaret Murray (1863 - 1963) authored The Witch Cult in Western
Europe and The God of the Witches. 6 These books promoted the
concept that some of the Witches who were exterminated by Roman
Catholics and Protestants during the "Burning Times" (circa
1450-1792) were remnants of an earlier, organized, and dominant
pre-Christian religion in Europe. Her writings have not been well
received by anthropologists. However, they were very influential in
providing background material for the Neopagan traditions.
Gerald Gardner (1884 - 1964), a British civil servant, who:
has written that he joined an existing Wiccan Coven in 1939,
taking the (then) usual vows of secrecy
persuaded the coven to let him write a book in 1949 about
Wicca in the form of a novel, High Magic's Aid. He carefully
revealed a few of the Old Religion's beliefs and the
historical persecutions that they endured.
added many rituals, symbols, concepts and elements from
ceremonial magick, Freemasonry and other sources to "flesh
out" the coven's beliefs and practices, most of which had been
long forgotten.
wrote Witchcraft Today in 1954 in which he described
additional details about the faith. 7
wrote The Meaning of Witchcraft which described in detail the
history of Wicca in Northern Europe. 7
Theories about the origins of Wicca:
There are many beliefs concerning the origins of Wicca:
According to Gardner, Wicca: began in prehistory, as ritual
associated with fire, the hunt, animal fertility, plant
propagation, tribal fertility and the curing of disease.
developed into a religion which recognized a Supreme Deity,
but realized that at their state of evolution, they "were
incapable of understanding It" . Instead, they worshipped what
might be termed "under-Gods": the Goddess of fertility and her
horned consort, the God of the hunt.
continued their predominately Moon based worship, even as a
mainly Sun-based faith of priests, the Druids, developed and
evolved into the dominant religion of the Celts. By this time,
Celtic society had gradually spread across Northern Europe
into what is now England, France, Germany, Ireland,
but realized that at their state of evolution, they "were
incapable of understanding It" . Instead, they worshipped what
might be termed "under-Gods": the Goddess of fertility and her
horned consort, the God of the hunt.
continued their predominately Moon based worship, even as a
mainly Sun-based faith of priests, the Druids, developed and
evolved into the dominant religion of the Celts. By this time,
Celtic society had gradually spread across Northern Europe
into what is now England, France, Germany, Ireland,
Netherlands, Scotland etc. They never formed a single
political entity, but remained as many tribes who shared a
common culture and religions.
survived the Roman, Saxon, and Norman invasions by going
underground
suffered major loss in numbers during the active Christian
genocides, which continued into the 18th Century
reached a low ebb by the middle of the 20th century. Much of
the theology and ritual had been lost; Wiccan covens had
become so isolated that they had lost contact with each other.
was revived in the UK by himself, his High Priestess Doreen
Valiente, (1922 - 1999) and others, who took the surviving
beliefs and practices, and fleshed them out with material from
other religious, spiritual and ceremonial magick sources.
Gardner has claimed that after he wrote his books, he received many
letters from members of isolated covens who had believed that their
groups had been in continuous existence for generations or centuries.
Other individuals discount this belief system and maintain that
there was no continuous Wiccan presence from Celtic times to the
20th century. They maintain that present-day Wicca was created by
merging a few ancient Celtic beliefs, deity structure, and seasonal
days of celebration with modern material from ceremonial magick, the
Masonic Order, etc.
Still others trace Wicca back to a little known faith group in New
England in the early 20th century.
Recent Wiccan history:
There is general agreement that Wicca first became a mass movement in
recent times in England during the 1950's with the publishing of books by
Gerald Gardner. It has expanded at a furious rate in North America and
Europe.
Wicca is one of the largest of the minority religions in the United
States. There are no reliable estimates of the number of Wiccans in this
country. Our best estimate is on the order of 750,000. That would make
Wicca about the 5th largest organized religion in the United States,
behind Christianity, Islam, Judaism, and Hinduism. However it is virtually
unknown by the general public. This is because almost all Wiccans hide
their religious beliefs and practices. Those who allow their faith to be
known publicly are very heavily persecuted in North America; on a
per-capita basis, they are believed to be victimized more often than
members of any other religious group. Many assaults, arson, economic
attacks are reported yearly. There have even been shootings, one public
mass stoning and one lynching in recent years! Reports circulate
frequently of misinformed child protection officers seizing children from
the homes of Wiccans because they feared that they would be killed or
abused in some Satanic ritual. The perpetrators of this religious hatred
are usually very devout, very concerned but terribly misinformed people.
They believe the misinformation that has been spread about Witches
continuously since the Middle Ages. It is only in Eastern Massachusetts,
Southern California and in a few cities elsewhere in North America that
most Wiccans feel secure enough to come out of the (broom) closet in
large numbers. In other areas, they tend to avoid persecution by keeping
their religious faith secret. Unfortunately, this policy can have negative
results; some people speculate that because Wiccans remain underground,
they must have something to hide. This is a "no-win" situation with no
obvious solution.
The above paragraph was written in the mid 1990s. Since then, the
situation has improved greatly. Many Wiccans have come out of the closet
and revealed their faith openly. The public has become much more aware of
Wicca and other Neopagan religions. The frequency of violence has
decreased greatly, although there are still occasional accounts of
vandalism and economic attacks.
References used:
The following information sources were used to prepare and update the
above essay. The hyperlinks are not necessarily still active today.
Joanna Hautin-Mayer, "When is a Celt not a Celt? An irreverent peek into
Neopagan views of history," at:
http://www.cyberwitch.com/wychwood/Library/
Silver Ravenwolf, Llewellyn's 1999 Magickal Almanac, Llewellyn
Publications, (1998)
Edain McCoy, "Witta: An Irish Pagan Tradition," Llewellyn, (1993) Read
reviews or order this book safely from Amazon.com online book store
Kisma Stepanich, "Faery Wicca," Llewellyn, (2 volumes; 1994-95; Out of
print).
Douglas Monroe, "The 21 Lessons of Merlyn: A Study in Druid Magic and
Lore," Llewellyn, (1993) Read reviews/order this book
Margaret Murray, "God of the Witches," Oxford University Press,
(Reprinted, 1992) Read reviews/order this book
Gerald Gardner, "Gardner Witchcraft Series," Mercury Publ. (Reprint;
1999). Includes his two books Witchcraft Today & The Meaning of
Witchcraft, with a CD containing some historical recordings. Read
reviews/order this set.
Charles Leland & Mario Pazzaglini, "Aradia: Gospel of the Witches,"
Phoenix Publ., (Expanded edition, 1999). The book corrects many of the
original translation errors of Leyland's original. Read reviews/order
this book
Copyright © 1995 to 2008 incl. by Ontario Consultants on Religious
Tolerance
Latest update: 2006-MAY-07
Author: B.A. Robinson